文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中创造的物质与精神财富,特指精神财富。翻译无疑受到文化的影响,归化与异化代表了翻译中不同的文化倾向。奈达曾经指出:“跨文化交际中的一个主要难题是:在很多情况下共享信息的数量和性质存在巨大差异。”翻译要促进文化的交流,就必须弥合信息在数量和性质上的差异。归化和异化因此成为翻译中必然存在的两种手段,它们的不同点在于文化倾向不同。韦努蒂明确指出:“异化是对文化价值观的一种民族偏离主义的压力,接受外语文本的语言和文化差异,把读者带入外国情调……归化即采取民族中心主义的态度,使外语文本符合译入语言的文化价值观,把原作者带进译入语文化。”《红楼梦》是中国的古典名著,多次被翻译成英文。在众多《红楼梦》翻译版本中,影响比较大的是杨宪益和戴乃迭翻译的The Dream of Red Mansion和大卫·霍克斯翻译的The Story of the Stone。以下就从文化取向角度出发,观察两个版本中同一首诗歌的翻译,分析其文化取向。《红楼梦》中诗歌共一百七十多首,是该书中璀璨的文化艺术。笔者选取了第二十七回的“黛玉葬花 ”的原诗和两个译本的前八句,从文化取向角度对其进行分析。
1.花谢花飞飞满天,红消香断有谁怜 ?
2.游丝软系飘春榭,落絮轻沾扑绣帘。
3.闺中女儿惜春暮,愁绪满怀无处诉。
4.手把花锄出绣帘,忍踏落花来复去 ?
5.柳丝榆荚自芳菲,不管桃飘与李飞。
6.桃李明年能再发,明年闺中知有谁 ?
7.三月香巢已垒成,梁间燕子太无情 !
8.明年花发虽可啄,却不道人去梁空巢也倾。
杨译:
1.As blossoms fade and fly across the sky,Who pities the faded red,the scent that has been?
2.Softly the gossamer floats over spring pavilions,Gently the willow fluff wafts to the embroidered screen.
3.A girl in her chambermourns the passingof spring,No relief from anxiety herpoor heart knows.
4.Hoe in hand she steps through her portal,Loath to tread on the blossom as she comes and goes.
5.Willows and elms,fresh and verdant,Care not ifpeach and plum blossom drift away.
6.Next year the peach and plum blossom will bloom again,but her chamber may stand empty on that day.
7.By the thirdmonth the scented nests are built,But the swallows on the beam are heartless all!
8.Next year,though once again you may peck the buds,from the beam of an empty room your nestwill fall.
霍译:
1.The blossoms fade and falling fill the air,of fragrance and bright hues bereft and bare.
2.Floss drifts and flutters round the Maiden!s bower,or softly strikes against her curtained door.
3.TheMaid,grieved by these signs of spring!s decease,seeking somemeans her sorrow to express.